| A |
B |
C |
D |
E |
F |
G |
H |
I |
J |
K |
L |
| |
ELITES, JOBS, AND RICH-POOR INCOME GAP NEWS:
1-JAN-11 - 31-DEC-11 |
|
|
|
From |
01-Jan-11 |
|
|
|
|
Copyright © 2011 by Macroknow inc. All Rights
Reserved. |
|
To |
31-Dec-11 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Days |
365 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
News Items |
2076 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Date |
Event Category |
Authors |
Title |
X |
Event |
Source |
URL |
Item |
|
8-Jan-11 |
PRO |
FOOD |
JOBS |
|
Overnight PRO in
Algeria leave two dead |
|
Algeria: sporadic
protest against food price increases and unemployment; 2 killed |
BBC News |
|
1 |
|
9-Jan-11 |
PRO |
ECON |
JOBS |
|
Tunisian Government: 14 Killed as PROing Continues |
|
Tunisia: protest against unemployment and high food
prices; 14 killed |
VOA News |
|
2 |
|
11-Jan-11 |
PRO |
VIO |
JOBS |
|
Dozens killed' in
Tunisia protests |
|
Tunisia: violent
protests over unemployment; ≥35 killed |
BBC News |
|
3 |
|
12-Jan-11 |
ELITE |
POL |
ECON |
|
New Report Warns Current Global Governance Systems
Lack Capacity to Deal with Global Risks |
|
World Economic Forum’s Global Risks 2011, 6th
Edition: "The financial crisis has drained the world’s capacity for
dealing with shocks. The frequency and severity of risks to global stability
have amplified, while the ability of global governance systems to deal with
them has not" |
World Economic Forum |
|
4 |
|
12-Jan-11 |
ELITE |
FIN |
ECON |
Kristel Van der
Elst; Nicholas Davis (Co-Editors) |
Global Risks 2011, Sixth Edition |
|
Report published
in cooperation with Marsh & McLennan Companies, Swiss Reinsurance
Company, the Wharton Center for Risk Management and Zurich Financial Services |
World Economic Forum |
|
5 |
|
14-Jan-11 |
PRO |
ECON |
JOBS |
Lisa Bryant |
Tunisian President Leaves Country Amid Unrest |
|
Tunisia: protesting over unemployment and high food
prices; dozens of people killed; state of emergency declared |
VOA News |
|
6 |
|
18-Jan-11 |
ELITE |
FIN |
DEBT |
|
Over US$ 100
Trillion Additional Credit Needed to Support Global Growth |
|
More Credit with
Fewer Crises: Responsibly Meeting the World’s Growing Demand for Credit, a
report released by the World Economic Forum in collaboration with McKinsey
& Company: "Credit levels will need to double over the next 10
years, growing by US$ 103 trillion, to support consensus-projected economic
growth" |
World Economic Forum |
|
7 |
|
19-Jan-11 |
ELITE |
FIN |
ECON |
|
World Economic Forum Annual Meeting to Focus on
Shared Norms for the New Reality |
|
41st World Economic Forum Annual Meeting in
Davos-Klosters, Switzerland, 26-30-Jan-11: theme of the Meeting: “Shared
Norms for the New Reality” |
World Economic Forum |
|
8 |
|
20-Jan-11 |
ELITE |
FIN |
ECON |
|
New Report
Identifies Most Important Global Issues for 2011 |
|
The Outlook on the
Global Agenda 2011 report:Most Important Global Issues for 2011: Global Power
Shifts; Economic uncertainty; Resource scarcity; Institutional weakness |
World Economic Forum |
|
9 |
|
22-Jan-11 |
PRO |
FOOD |
JOBS |
|
Tunisian PM Mohamed Ghannouchi under pressure to quit |
|
Tunisia: thousands protest against the government |
BBC News |
|
10 |
|
22-Jan-11 |
PRO |
FOOD |
JOBS |
|
Police,
Demonstrators Clash in Algeria |
|
Algeria: protest
over high unemployment and food prices |
VOA News-AFP-Reuters |
|
11 |
|
23-Jan-11 |
ELITE |
FIN |
ECON |
Jack Ewing |
At Davos, Long List of Problems Awaits World Leaders |
|
"Leaders in business, politics and academia from
around the world will gather in Davos, Switzerland, this week to try to
rescue the planet. It’s a safe bet that, for the 41st year in a row, they
will fail" |
NYT-DealBook |
|
12 |
|
24-Jan-11 |
ELITE |
FIN |
ECON |
Andrew Ross Sorkin |
A Hefty Price for
Entry to Davos |
|
Price tag for an
annual membership in the World Economic Forum at “Strategic Partner” level
(up to 5 invitations): $527,000-$622,000 |
NYT-DealBook |
|
13 |
|
25-Jan-11 |
GOV |
JOBS |
|
|
Remarks by the President in State of Union Address |
|
President Barack Obama, State of the Union address:
"Half a century ago, when the Soviets beat us into space with the launch
of a satellite called Sputnik, we had no idea how we would beat them to the
moon. The science wasn’t even there yet. NASA didn’t exist. But after
investing in better research and education, we didn’t just surpass the
Soviets; we unleashed a wave of innovation that created new industries and
millions of new jobs. This is our generation’s Sputnik moment. . .
"
|
Whitehouse.gov |
|
14 |
|
30-Jan-11 |
PRO |
RPIG |
|
David D.
Kirkpatrick; Mona El-Naggar |
Rich, Poor and a
Rift Exposed by Unrest |
|
Egypt: extreme
rich-poor income gap trigger class warfare; rich people “afraid for their
money” support Hosni Mubarak |
NYT |
|
15 |
|
15-Feb-11 |
GOV |
BANK |
ELITE |
Paul B. Farrell |
Fed dictator Bernanke needs to be toppled |
|
Paul B. Farrell: "Fed boss Ben Bernanke is the
most dangerous human on earth . . . Bernanke rules a monetary dictatorship
that will trigger the coming third meltdown of the 21st century. . . Bernanke
is the final egomaniac in America’s bubbling 30-year wealth gap, where the
top 1% went from owning 9% of America’s wealth to owning 23% during this
dictatorship" |
MarketWatch |
|
16 |
|
17-Feb-11 |
ELITE |
FIN |
ECON |
|
Report Highlights Personal
Data as New Economic Asset Class |
|
World Economic Forum report:
Personal Data: The Emergence of a New Asset Class |
World Economic Forum |
|
17 |
|
17-Feb-11 |
GOV |
TECH |
ELITE |
|
Top Silicon Valley Execs to Meet with Obama |
|
USA: President Barack Obama to dine with top Silicon
Valley executives at the home of a venture capitalist |
NYT-Bits |
|
18 |
|
3-Mar-11 |
PRO |
ECON |
JOBS |
Nathan Morley |
North Cyprus
Demonstrators Direct Anger at Turkey's Austerity Measures |
|
North Cyprus:
~30,000 Turkish Cyprus protested at Turkish government's austerity package
(cutting salaries; increasing taxes) and the potential for high unemployment |
VOA News |
|
19 |
|
6-Mar-11 |
ELITE |
|
|
Rhonda Garelick (University of Nebraska-Lincoln) |
High Fascism |
|
John Galliano, Christian Dior’s creative director,
reportedly to a woman in a Paris bar: “Dirty Jewish face, you should be
dead”; Christian Dior fired Galliano |
NYT: Op-Ed |
|
20 |
|
9-Mar-11 |
ELITE |
MON |
|
|
The World's
Billionaires |
The World's
Billionaires |
The World's
Billionaires: Top 5: 1. Carlos Slim Helu & family, $74 B; 2. Bill Gates,
$56 B; 3. Warren Buffett, $50 B; 4. Bernard Arnault, $41 B; 5. Larry Ellison
$39.5 B |
Forbes |
|
21 |
|
28-Mar-11 |
BUS |
DEBT |
JOBS |
Lynn Thomasson, Whitney Kisling; Editors: Nick Baker,
Nick Gentle |
CEOs Tap Record Cash for Payouts as M&A at
Post-Lehman High |
|
Consequence of ~0% Federal Reserve interest rates and
unemployment rate kept at ~26-year high: record $940 billion buildup in
corporate cash |
Bloomberg |
|
22 |
|
29-Mar-11 |
GOV |
BANK |
ELITE |
Neil M. Barofsky |
Where the Bailout
Went Wrong |
|
Neil M. Barofsky,
on the bank bailout (Troubled Asset Relief Program): " . . . billions of
dollars in taxpayer money allowed institutions that were on the brink of
collapse not only to survive but even to flourish. These banks now enjoy
record profits and the seemingly permanent competitive advantage that
accompanies being deemed “too big to fail”. . . That program has been a
colossal failure, with far fewer permanent modifications (540,000) than
modifications that have failed and been canceled (over 800,000). . . As the
program flounders, foreclosures continue to mount, with 8 million to 13
million filings forecast over the program’s lifetime." |
NYT: Op Ed |
|
23 |
|
9-May-11 |
BUS |
RPIG |
|
Joann S. Lublin. Contributor: Joe Light |
CEO Pay in 2010 Jumped 11% |
|
Study for The Wall Street Journal by Hay Group: the
median compensation (salary, bonus and incentives) for CEOs of 350 major
companies surged to $9.3 million (up 11%) |
WSJ |
|
24 |
|
14-May-11 |
MON |
RPIG |
|
Andrew Ross Sorkin |
Rich and Sort of
Rich |
|
According to a
study on economic equality by Thomas Piketty (Paris School of Economics) and
Emmanuel Saez (University of California, Berkeley), "the rich have
gotten richer — income for the top 1 percent rose by $261,930, or 30 percent,
from 2002 to 2008 — while the bottom 90 percent saw their incomes drop by
$1,170, or 4 percent, on an inflation adjusted basis" |
NYT |
|
25 |
|
17-May-11 |
GOV |
DEBT |
ELITE |
Barry Wood |
Buffett’s silly talk about the U.S. debt; Commentary:
U.S. isn’t special and can’t avoid default forever |
|
Warren Buffett: “The United States is not going to
have a debt crisis as long as we keep issuing our debts in our own currency.
The only thing we have to worry about is the printing press and
inflation" |
MarketWatch |
|
26 |
|
17-May-11 |
ELITE |
SEX |
|
Stephen Clarke |
Droit du Dirty Old
Men |
|
15-May-11: New
York: Dominique Strauss-Kahn, managing director of the International Monetary
Fund, was arrested on sexual assault charges; the French elite is horrified
[on the impunity of "chauds lapins"] |
NYT-Op Ed |
|
27 |
|
19-May-11 |
PRO |
ECON |
JOBS |
Lauren Frayer |
Inspired by Arab Protests, Spain's Unemployed Rally
for Change |
|
Spain: inspired by the Arab Spring thousands of
demonstrators protest high unemployment and lack of opportunities |
VOA News |
|
28 |
|
21-May-11 |
PRO |
JOBS |
|
Lauren Frayer |
Thousand Defy
Protest Ban to Rally Ahead of Spanish Elections |
|
Spain: tens of
thousands of Spaniards demonstrated against high unemployment despite a
protest ban |
VOA News |
|
29 |
|
26-May-11 |
BUS |
ELITE |
POL |
Evelyn M. Rusli; Peter Lattman |
Facebook Taps Joel Kaplan to Head Washington Office |
|
Facebook hired Joel Kaplan to head the company’s
office in Washington |
NYT-DealBook |
|
30 |
|
29-May-11 |
BANK |
ELITE |
|
Graham Bowley |
At I.M.F., a
Strict Ethics Code Doesn’t Apply to Top Officials |
|
Double ethics
codes at IMF: one for "rank-and-file staff" and one for "elite
executive directors." |
NYT |
|
31 |
|
3-Jun-11 |
ECON |
JOBS |
|
|
The Employment Situation -- May 2011 |
|
BLS: U.S. labor statistics for May-2011: unemployment
rate, up to 9.1%; number of unemployed persons, 13.9 million; labor force,
153.7 million. |
Bureau of Labor
Statistics |
|
32 |
|
4-Jun-11 |
ECON |
DEBT |
JOBS |
Andrew Martin |
For the Jobless,
Little U.S. Help on Foreclosure |
|
Andrew Martin:
"the primary cause of foreclosures is unemployment" |
NYT |
|
33 |
|
7-Jun-11 |
GOV |
LAW |
RPIG |
Dr. Vandana Shiva |
The great land grab: India's war on farmers |
|
Dr. Vandana Shiva on "the great land grab"
in India: "In India, the land grab is facilitated by the toxic mixture
of the colonial Land Acquisition Act of 1894, the deregulation of investments
and commerce through neo-liberal policies -
and with it the emergence of the rule of uncontrolled greed and
exploitation. It is facilitated by the creation of a police state and the use
of colonial sedition laws . . . The World Bank has worked for many years to
commodify land. . . Thus the state could forcibly acquire the land from the
peasants and tribal peoples and hand it over to private speculators, real
estate corporations, mining companies and industry."
|
Al Jazeera |
|
34 |
|
20-Jun-11 |
RPIG |
GOV |
ECON |
Paul Bentley |
America's pay gap shame:
Inequality between rich and poor is worse than Cameroon, Ivory Coast and
revolutionary Egypt |
|
America's rich-poor gap is
worse than that in "Cameroon, the Ivory Coast and revolutionary Egypt,
Tunisia and Yemen" [source: CIA's World Fact Book]; the top 0.1% of
earners in the U.S. in 2008 took 10% of the total personal income; the top 1%
of earners in the U.S. in 2008 took >20% of the total personal income |
Daily Mail |
|
35 |
|
20-Jun-11 |
BUS |
JUST |
RPIG |
|
Wal-Mart Wins. Workers Lose. |
|
Workers lose: the Supreme Court makes massive
class-action lawsuits against allegedly abusive large corporations (1) much
harder to certify and (2) more costly |
NYT-Editorial |
|
36 |
|
20-Jun-11 |
GOV |
FIN |
RPIG |
Anthony Faiola.
Contributor: Eliza Mackintosh |
London’s poor
facing squeeze amid housing-benefit cuts |
|
London, UK: cuts
to the Local Housing Allowance (LHA), a welfare benefit, may trigger a
"population shift" of ~82,000 poor families from London to
"American-style ghettos" |
Washington Post |
|
37 |
|
23-Jun-11 |
ELITE |
POL |
|
Kevin Roose; Andrew Ross Sorkin (ed.) |
Wall St.’s Dinner With Obama: Hold the Scorn |
|
Pres. Obama meets Wall-Street supporters, including
"a committee of bankers, private equity executives and hedge fund
managers," at a $35,800-a-plate dinner event |
NYT-DealBook |
|
38 |
|
30-Jun-11 |
BANK |
FIN |
JOBS |
|
Lloyds Banking Group plc
Outcome of Strategic Review |
|
Lloyd Banking Group to cut
15,000 jobs and save £1.5 billion ($2.4 billion) per year in 2014 |
Lloyds Banking Group |
|
39 |
|
30-Jun-11 |
RPIG |
ECON |
|
Tuoi Tre |
Vietnam’s rich-poor gap widens - at 9.2 times |
|
Vietnam: General Statistics Office (GSO): the
rich-poor income gap increased from 8.9 times in 2008 to 9.2 times in 2010 |
VietNamNet Bridge |
|
40 |
|
1-Jul-11 |
PRO |
RPIG |
GOV |
Alexandra Wexler;
Isabella Steger |
Hong Kongers March
for Elections, Cheaper Housing |
|
Hong Kong: tens of
thousands (150,000 said organizers) protested against high property prices,
undemocratic by-elections, and a soaring rich-poor gap |
WSJ |
|
41 |
|
2-Jul-11 |
BUS |
ELITE |
RPIG |
Pradnya Joshi |
We Knew They Got Raises. But This? |
|
Study conducted for NYT by Equilar: median
compensation for top executives at 200 big companies in 2010, $10.8 million
(up 23% YOY); compensation of the average American worker, $752/week at
yearend 2010 (up 0.5% YOY); U.S. unemplyement rate: >9% |
NYT |
|
42 |
|
7-Jul-11 |
MON |
RPIG |
ELITE |
Brooke Sutherland;
Dan Kraut (ed.) |
Buffett Donates
$1.5 Billion in Annual Gates Foundation Gift |
|
Warren Buffett
donated stock valued at ~$1.5 billion to the Bill & Melinda Gates
Foundation |
Bloomberg |
|
43 |
|
18-Jul-11 |
BUS |
TECH |
JOBS |
|
An Update on Cisco's Action Plan |
|
Cisco: to reduce costs from FY2012 expense by $1
billion; to terminate ~6,500 jobs |
Cisco |
|
44 |
|
20-Jul-11 |
GOV |
COMP |
JOBS |
Steve Lohr |
U.S. to Close 800
Computer Data Centers |
|
U.S.: the federal
government to shut 800 of its 2,000 data centers; the number of jobs that
will likely be lost is estimated at tens of thousands |
NYT |
|
45 |
|
26-Jul-11 |
ELITE |
BUS |
FIN |
Jim Yardley; Vikas Bajaj. Contributors: Hari Kumar;
Nikhila Gill |
Billionaires’ Rise Aids India, and the Favor Is
Returned |
|
India's oligarchy: 55 billionaires own and control
$250 billion in wealth (~17% of India’s annual economic output) |
NYT |
|
46 |
|
28-Jul-11 |
BANK |
FIN |
JOBS |
|
Credit Suisse
Group reports 2Q11 underlying pre-tax income of CHF 1.2 billion and
underlying net income of CHF 835 million; underlying return on equity 10% |
|
Credit Suisse
Group 2011Q2 results: core net revenue, CHF 6.326 billion (down 25% YOY); net
income attributable to shareholders, CHF 768 milion (down 52% YOY); Credit
Suisse to reduce total headcount of 50,700 by ~4% by the end of 2012 |
Credit Suisse |
|
47 |
|
29-Jul-11 |
BUS |
FIN |
JOBS |
|
Merck Announces Second Quarter 2011 Financial Results |
|
Merck 2011Q2 results: sales, $12.151 billion (up 7%
YOY); GAAP net income, $2.024 billion (up 169% YOY); Merck expects to reduce
its headcount, as measured at 31-Dec-2009, by an additional 12%-13% by the
end of 2015 |
Merck |
|
48 |
|
31-Jul-11 |
PRO |
ECON |
ELITE |
Robert Berger |
Israeli Gov’t
Opens Dialogue with Protesters |
|
Israel's
"middle class revolution": tens of thousands of Israelis protested
against soaring prices of food, gasoline, and housing; the average salary in
Israel is ~$2,500/month; the cost of a "modest" apartment in
Jerusalem or Tel Aviv can be $500,000 (~200 times the average salary) |
VOA News |
|
49 |
|
1-Aug-11 |
BANK |
FIN |
JOBS |
|
HSBC Holdings Plc 2011 Interim Results – Highlights |
|
HSBC 2011H1 results: revenues, stable at U$35.7
billion; pre-tax profit $11.5 billion (up 3% YOY); profit attributable to
ordinary shareholders $8.9 billion (up 35% YOY); starting 2011, to reduce
headcount by ~5,000 |
HSBC |
|
50 |
|
1-Aug-11 |
BANK |
JOBS |
|
Aaron Smith |
HSBC to cut another 25,000
jobs |
|
HSBC to cut 25,000 more jobs
in addition to the ~5,000 it started cutting earlier in 2011 |
CNN Money |
|
51 |
|
1-Aug-11 |
BUS |
AUTO |
ELITE |
Christoph Rauwald [Dow Jones Newswires] |
UPDATE: Porsche Profit, Sales Surge On Rising Demand
For Luxury Cars |
|
Porsche car sales: China, 11,712 cars (up 47% YOY);
Europe, 18,853 (up 10.5%); North America, 15,466 cars (up 25%); Germany,
6,734 cars (up 0.9%); worldwide, 60,659 cars (up 37%) [Source: WSJ].
[According to U.S. News Rankings & Reviews, Best Cars, the price of a
2011 Porsche Cayenne is in the range $46,725 - $102,455.] |
WSJ |
|
52 |
|
2-Aug-11 |
BANK |
FIN |
JOBS |
Julia Werdigier |
Barclays Reports Profit
Plunge and Job Cuts |
|
Barclays to eliminate ~3,000
jobs in 2011 |
NYT-DealBook |
|
53 |
|
2-Aug-11 |
ELITE |
FIN |
MON |
|
The top 1% |
|
Al Jazeera-Fault Lines "investigates the gap
between the rich and the rest": "The richest one per cent of
Americans earn nearly a quarter of the country's income and control an
astonishing 40 per cent of its wealth" |
Al Jazeera-Fault
Lines |
|
54 |
|
3-Aug-11 |
GOV |
JUST |
ELITE |
|
Egypt's Mubarak
Pleads 'Not Guilty' in Historic Trial |
|
Egypt: start of
trial of ousted President Hosni Mubarak; Mubarak pleaded not guilty of
ordering the killing of revolutionary protesters |
VOA
News-AP-AFP-Reuters |
|
55 |
|
5-Aug-11 |
GOV |
ECON |
JOBS |
|
The Employment Situation -- July 2011 |
|
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics: the number of
unemployed persons (13.9 million) and the unemployment rate (9.1%) changed
little in Jul-11 |
U.S. Bureau of Labor
Statistics |
|
56 |
|
10-Aug-11 |
BANK |
JOBS |
|
Charles Stein;
Christian Baumgaertel (ed.) |
BNY Mellon to Cut
1,500 Jobs, 3% of Workforce |
|
Bank of New York
Mellon Corp. to cut 1,500 jobs (3% of its workforce) |
Bloomberg |
|
57 |
|
11-Aug-11 |
ELITE |
LAW |
|
Emily Smith |
George Soros sued by ex-girlfriend over real estate
dispute |
|
Adriana Ferreyr filed a $50 million suit against
George Soros. |
New York Post |
|
58 |
|
14-Aug-11 |
ELITE |
MON |
RPIG |
Warren Buffett |
Stop Coddling the
Super-Rich |
|
Warren E. Buffett,
chairman and chief executive of Berkshire Hathaway, on taxing the super-rich:
"I would leave rates for 99.7 percent of taxpayers unchanged and
continue the current 2-percentage-point reduction in the employee
contribution to the payroll tax. This cut helps the poor and the middle class
. . . But for those making more than $1 million — there were 236,883 such
households in 2009 — I would raise rates immediately on taxable income in
excess of $1 million . . . And for those who make $10 million or more — there
were 8,274 in 2009 — I would suggest an additional increase in rate." |
NYT-Op Ed |
|
59 |
|
17-Aug-11 |
ECON |
DEBT |
RPIG |
|
Recession Increases Number of Children Living in
Low-Income Families by 7% to 31 Million; 7.8 Million Children Lived With at
Least One Unemployed Parent in 2010 |
|
KIDS COUNT Data Book: "The official child
poverty rate . . . increased 18 percent between 2000 and 2009 . . . This
increase means that 2.4 million more children are living below the federal
poverty line. . . In 2010, 11 percent of children had at least one unemployed
parent and 4 percent have been affected by foreclosure since 2007" |
Annie E. Casey
Foundation |
|
60 |
|
19-Aug-11 |
BANK |
JOBS |
|
Christina Rexrode.
Contributor: Chris Rugaber |
BofA layoffs are
the latest as an industry shrinks |
|
Bank of America
Corp. to cut 3,500 jobs |
Yahoo! Finance: AP |
|
61 |
|
23-Aug-11 |
BANK |
JOBS |
|
Julia Werdigier |
UBS to Eliminate 3,500 Jobs |
|
UBS to cut 3,500 jobs over 2.5 years. Other companies
cutting or planning to cut jobs: HSBC, 30,000 jobs; Credit Suisse, 2,000
jobs; Lloyds Banking Group, 15,000 jobs. |
NYT-DealBook |
|
62 |
|
26-Aug-11 |
BANK |
JOBS |
|
|
ABN AMRO Group
reports substantial increase in underlying profit to EUR 974 million in H1
2011 and declares an interim dividend of EUR 200 million |
|
Despite a net
profit of €974 million in 2011H1 (up from a €325 million loss in 2010H1), ABN
Amro to cut 2,350 positions in the next 3-4 years |
ABN Amro |
|
63 |
|
27-Aug-11 |
BANK |
ELITE |
RPIG |
Gretchen Morgenson |
The Rescue That Missed Main Street |
|
Gretchen Morgenson reporting on the
"inequity" of the taxpayer-funded big bailouts of domestic and
foreign financial institutions: the bailouts did not help Main Street;
"Main Street is in a world of hurt, facing high unemployment, rampant
foreclosures and ravaged retirement accounts" |
NYT |
|
64 |
|
27-Aug-11 |
ELITE |
BUS |
|
|
Tiffany Reports
Substantially Higher-Than-Expected Sales And Earnings Growth In Its Second
Quarter |
|
Tiffany & Co.
2011Q2 results: worldwide net sales, $872.7 million (up 30% YOY) (sales in
the New York flagship store increased 41%); net earnings, $90.0 million (up
33% YOY) |
Tiffany |
|
65 |
|
29-Aug-11 |
BANK |
JOBS |
|
|
Nordea initiates negotiations with unions on staff
cost reduction |
|
Nordea to cut 2,000 jobs (6% of workforce) by yearend
2012; Nordea aims for a return on equity of ~15% |
Nordea |
|
66 |
|
29-Aug-11 |
BANK |
JOBS |
|
Andrew Ward |
Nordea to slash 6%
of workforce |
|
European banks cut
recently >60,000 jobs |
Financial Times |
|
67 |
|
30-Aug-11 |
ELITE |
MON |
RPIG |
Julia Werdigier. Contributor: Elisabetta Povoledo |
Tax Me More, Europe’s Wealthy Say |
|
Europe: concerned about the potential for social
unrest [protests in Greece, Spain, U.K], Europe's elites are calling for
higher taxes for the super-rich |
NYT |
|
68 |
|
31-Aug-11 |
ELITE |
BUS |
RPIG |
Chuck Collins;
Scott Klinger |
Release: CEOs Who
Earn More Than Their Corporations Pay in Taxes |
|
Report from the
Institute for Policy Studies: "Executive Excess 2011: The Massive CEO
Rewards for Tax Dodging": "Of last year’s 100 highest-paid U.S.
corporate chief executives, 25 took home more in CEO pay than their company
paid in 2010 federal corporate income taxes"; "Gap Between CEO and
Worker Pay Jumps: S&P 500 CEOs last year collected $10.8 million in
average compensation, a 27.8 percent increase over 2009. The gap between CEO
and average U.S. worker pay rose from 263-to-1 in 2009 to 325-to-1 last
year." |
Institute for Policy
Studies |
|
69 |
|
13-Sep-11 |
ECON |
RPIG |
|
|
Income, Poverty and Health Insurance Coverage in the
United States: 2010 |
|
U.S. Census Bureau: key findings in "Income,
Poverty and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010"
report: (1) real median household income in the U.S. was $49,445 (down 2.3%
YOY); (2) the poverty rate was 15.1% (up 14.3% YOY; 46.2 million people lived
in poverty, up from 43.6 million in 2009 ─ a 52-year record high); (3)
the number of people without health insurance coverage rose to 49.9 million
(up from 49.0 million in 2009) |
U.S. Census Bureau |
|
70 |
|
16-Sep-11 |
PRO |
EDU |
JOBS |
Kate Taylor |
Bloomberg, on
Radio, Raises Specter of Riots by Jobless |
|
Mayor Michael R.
Bloomberg, on the John Gambling radio show: “You have a lot of kids
graduating college can’t find jobs . . . That’s what happened in Cairo.
That’s what happened in Madrid . . . You don’t want those kinds of riots
here” |
NYT |
|
71 |
|
17-Sep-11 |
PRO |
MON |
ELITE |
|
OccupyWallStreet: The American Revolution Begins Sept
17th |
|
OccupyWallStreet.org's mission: "On the 17th of
September, we want to see 20,000 people to flood into lower Manhattan, set up
beds, kitchens, peaceful barricades and occupy Wall Street for a few months.
Like our brothers and sisters in Egypt, Greece, Spain, and Iceland, we plan
to use the revolutionary Arab Spring tactic of mass occupation to restore
democracy in America. . . We Are The 99% that will no longer tolerate the
greed and corruption of the 1%" |
OccupyWallStreet.org |
|
72 |
|
17-Sep-11 |
PRO |
MON |
ELITE |
Colin Moynihan |
Wall Street Protest Begins,
With Demonstrators Blocked |
|
New York, NY: protest
"as an expression of anger over a financial system that they said favors
the rich and powerful at the expense of ordinary citizens" |
NYT |
|
73 |
|
17-Sep-11 |
PRO |
MON |
ELITE |
|
Protesters in N.Y.C. blast money in politics |
|
New York, NY: groups inspired by the "Arab
Spring" protests occupy Wall Street and stage their own protest against
corrupt money in politics. |
CBS News |
|
74 |
|
19-Sep-11 |
PRO |
MON |
ELITE |
Colin Moynihan |
Wall Street
Protests Continue, With at Least 6 Arrested |
|
New York, NY: the
anti-corporate Occupy Wall Street protest continues; ~200 people protested
"to criticize a financial system that unfairly benefits corporations and
the rich and undermines democracy" |
NYT-City Room |
|
75 |
|
22-Sep-11 |
GOV |
RPIG |
MON |
Anjana Pasricha |
India’s New Poverty Definition Upsets Activists, Some
Economists |
|
India’s new poverty definition: a person who spends
~$15/month on food, education and health in rural areas is NOT poor; for
urban areas, the poverty threshold is $20/month; the World Bank’s
international poverty threshold is $1.25/day or ~$37.5/month |
VOA News |
|
76 |
|
22-Sep-11 |
ELITE |
MON |
|
|
The Forbes 400:
The Richest People in America |
|
The Forbes 400:
The Richest People in America: 1. Bill Gates, $59 bn; 2. Warren Buffett, $39
bn; 3. Larry Ellison, $33 bn; 4. Charles Koch, $25 bn; 4. David Koch, $25 bn;
6. Christy Walton, $24.5 bn; 7. George Soros, $22 bn; 8. Sheldon Adelson,
$21.5 bn; 9. Jim Walton, $21.1 bn; 10. Alice Walton, $20.9 bn . . . |
Forbes |
|
77 |
|
29-Sep-11 |
GOV |
BANK |
RPIG |
Kerin Hope |
Greek protesters occupy government buildings |
|
Greece: public sector workers occupy government
ministries; the EU, the IMF, and the ECB want to reduce the salaries of
30,000 public sector employees by 40% |
Financial Times |
|
78 |
|
29-Sep-11 |
BUS |
TEL |
JOBS |
|
Nokia continues to
align its workforce and operations |
|
Nokia to cut 3,500
additional jobs by yearend 2012 |
Nokia |
|
79 |
|
30-Sep-11 |
PRO |
MON |
ELITE |
|
“OCCUPY WALL STREET” INSPIRES PROTESTS IN BOSTON |
|
Occupy Wall Street, which began on 17-Sep-11, has
spread to Boston: “Our country is owned by the top 1%. We are the 99%. Join the conversation!” |
Occupy Boston |
|
80 |
|
30-Sep-11 |
ELITE |
MON |
RPIG |
James Oliphant |
Did Warren Buffett really
disagree with Obama's tax plan? |
|
Warren Buffett, in a CNBC
interview with Andrew Ross Sorkin, regarding Obama’s tax plan: " . . .
my program is to have a tax on ultra-rich people who are paying very low tax
rates. Not just all the rich people. It probably would apply to 50,000 people
in a population of 310 million.”
|
Los Angeles Times |
|
81 |
|
30-Sep-11 |
PRO |
MON |
ELITE |
Carolyn Weaver |
Occupy Wall Street' Protesters in NYC Decry
Corruption, Greed |
|
New York, NY: hundreds of "Occypy Wall
Street" demonstrators protested against bank and corporate greed;
community organizer Naif Littles: "The top 400 richest Americans have
more wealth than 150 million Americans combined." |
VOA News |
|
82 |
|
1-Oct-11 |
PRO |
MON |
ELITE |
Al Baker; Colin
Moynihan; Sarah Maslin Nir. Contributors: Natasha Lennard; William K.
Rashbaum; Elizabeth A. Harris |
Police Arrest More
Than 700 Protesters on Brooklyn Bridge |
|
New York, NY:
"Occupy Wall Street" protest, began 17-Sep-11, continues; police
arrested >700 demonstrators |
NYT |
|
83 |
|
2-Oct-11 |
ELITE |
MON |
|
Susanne Craig; Ben Protess |
Others Go, but Buffett Stays on President’s Side |
|
30-Sep-11: Warren E. Buffett hosted a fund-raiser for
President Obama and raised >$1.5 million for Obama's campaign and the
Democratic National Committee; |
NYT-DealBook |
|
84 |
|
3-Oct-11 |
PRO |
MON |
ELITE |
Erik Eckholm;
Timothy Williams. Contributors: Ashley Southall; Ian Lovett; Steven Yaccino |
Anti-Wall Street
Protests Spreading to Cities Large and Small |
|
"Occupy Wall
Street" rally against corporate greed has spread to many cities around
the world; Javier Rodriguez, former student: “The monetary system is not
working. The banks are here to steal from us. Everybody is in debt whether
it’s medical bills or school or loans. People are getting fed up with it.” |
NYT |
|
85 |
|
4-Oct-11 |
ELITE |
MON |
JOBS |
David A. Fahrenthold |
For some of the rich, budget and tax battles bring
worries — of paying too little |
|
Some of the very rich in the U.S. are worried about
the rich-poor income gap; concerns include potential loss of wealth, unfair
taxation, the rich-working class income gap, murderous class warfare |
NYT |
|
86 |
|
4-Oct-11 |
BUS |
AUTO |
JOBS |
Bill Vlasic; Nick
Bunkley |
In Deal With Ford,
Union Wins Wage Increases and Additional Jobs |
|
In a tentative
4-year contract with the United Automobile Workers union, Ford Motor Company
agrees to create 5,750 entry-level jobs in the U.S. in addition to 6,250
positions it previously said it would add over the next 2 years |
NYT |
|
87 |
|
5-Oct-11 |
PRO |
GOV |
JOBS |
Henry Ridgwell |
Clashes in Athens As Europe Fears Looming Bank Crisis |
|
Greece: thousands of Greeks protested against tough
austerity measures imposed by lenders on Greece; violent clashes with police
were reported |
VOA News |
|
88 |
|
5-Oct-11 |
ELITE |
POL |
RPIG |
John B. MacIntyre (Chair,
Board of Directors); Rahul K. Bhardwaj (President and CEO) |
Toronto's Vital Signs |
|
Toronto Community Foundation
report: "Toronto's Vital Signs": 37% of Toronto's population live
in low or very low income neighbourhoods; in 1 year, poverty in Toronto
increased 22% and the rate of child poverty soared by >43%; the cost of feeding
a family of 4 in Toronto rose to $715/month in 2010 (distribution of income
for a family on social assistance: food, 37%; rent, 69%; other costs, -6%) |
Toronto Community
Foundation |
|
89 |
|
5-Oct-11 |
PRO |
MON |
ELITE |
Steven Greenhouse; Cara Buckley. Contributors: Al
Baker; Joseph Goldstein; Rob Harris; Colin Moynihan |
Seeking Energy, Unions Join Protest Against Wall
Street |
|
Major unions join the "Occupy Wall Street"
protest |
NYT |
|
90 |
|
8-Oct-11 |
PRO |
MON |
ELITE |
Al Baker.
Contributors: Rob Harris; Natasha Lennard; Colin Moynihan; Anna M.
Phillips |
Wall Street
Protest Visits Washington Sq. |
|
New York, NY:
>1,000 "Occupy Wall Street" demonstrators march to Washington
Square Park |
NYT |
|
91 |
|
9-Oct-11 |
PRO |
MON |
ELITE |
Paul Krugman |
Panic of the Plutocrats |
|
Paul Krugman on America's plutocrats: "So who’s
really being un-American here? Not the ["Occupy Wall Street"]
protesters, who are simply trying to get their voices heard. No, the real
extremists here are America’s oligarchs, who want to suppress any criticism
of the sources of their wealth" |
NYT: Op-Ed |
|
92 |
|
10-Oct-11 |
GOV |
ECON |
RPIG |
Gordon Green; John Coder |
Household Income Trends
During the Recession and Economic Recovery |
|
Sentier Research report
"Household Income Trends During the Recession and Economic
Recovery": key findings: "During the recession, real median annual
household income fell by 3.2 percent, from $55,309 in December 2007 to
$53,518 in June 2009. During the economic recovery, real median annual
household income fell by an additional 6.7 percent, from $53,518 in June 2009
to $49,909 in June 2011"; "For the entire period from December 2007
to June 2011, real median annual household income has declined by 9.8
percent. A decline of this magnitude represents a significant reduction in
the American standard of living" |
Sentier Research |
|
93 |
|
10-Oct-11 |
PRO |
MON |
ELITE |
David Brooks |
The Milquetoast Radicals |
|
David Brooks: "If there is a core theme to the
Occupy Wall Street movement, it is that the virtuous 99 percent of society is
being cheated by the richest and greediest 1 percent. . . Unfortunately,
almost no problem can be productively conceived in this way. A group that
divides the world between the pure 99 percent and the evil 1 percent will
have nothing to say about education reform, Medicare reform, tax reform, wage
stagnation or polarization. They will have nothing to say about the way
Americans have overconsumed and overborrowed . . ." |
NYT: Opinion |
|
94 |
|
14-Oct-11 |
PRO |
ELITE |
|
David Ignatius |
Around the world,
rage against the elites |
|
David Ignatius, on
the similarity between Occupy Wall Street and other populist movements
(including the Arab Spring, protests in Britain and Greece, and
anti-corruption protests in India): " . . . the protesters do share some
basics: rejection of traditional political elites; a belief that
“globalization” benefits the rich more than the masses; anger about
intertwined business and political corruption; and the connectedness and
empowerment fostered by Facebook and other social media. . . Much of the
world’s neo-populist anger is justified, given the greed and folly of recent
years" |
Washington Post |
|
95 |
|
15-Oct-11 |
PRO |
FIN |
ELITE |
Cara Buckley; Rachel Donadio. Contributors: Jack
Ewing; Nicholas Kulish; Joseph Goldstein; Elizabeth A. Harris, Colin
Moynihan; Christopher Maag; Catherine Garcia; Raphael Minder; Ron Nixon; Ravi
Somaiya |
Buoyed by Wall St. Protests, Rallies Sweep the Globe |
|
Global day of anti-capitalist protests: thousands of
people in cities around the world replicated the Occupy Wall Street marches
and rallies; protests spread to Rome; Madrid; London; Frankfurt, Sydney,
Tokyo, Hong Kong, Toronto, Chicago, and Los Angeles; protests in Rome were
violent |
NYT |
|
96 |
|
17-Oct-11 |
PRO |
MON |
ELITE |
J. David Goodman |
He Made It on Wall St. and
Used It to Help Start the Protests |
|
Robert S. Halper, a former
vice chairman of the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX), is reportedly the
largest single donor to Adbusters, the Canadian magazine that ignited the
Occupy Wall Street movement; Mr. Halper's last donation to Adbusters was $20,000;
Mr. Halper has also contributed $2,500 to the Mitt Romney presidential
campaign |
NYT |
|
97 |
|
17-Oct-11 |
BANK |
FIN |
JOBS |
Atsuko Fukase |
MUFG-Morgan Stanley Venture Cuts 1,300 Jobs |
|
Mitsubishi UFJ Morgan Stanley Securities Co. to cut
up to 1,300 jobs (~20% of its work force) |
WSJ |
|
98 |
|
18-Oct-11 |
FIN |
ELITE |
SEC |
Kevin Roose |
Protests Are a
Payday for Security Firms |
|
"Ultra-rich
bankers, hedge fund managers and private equity executives" are worried
and concerned about hostility and rage on Main Street; "executive
protection" firms expect significant increases in revenues |
NYT |
|
99 |
|
19-Oct-11 |
GOV |
BUS |
JOBS |
Laura Payton |
Halifax, B.C. yards win shipbuilding work |
|
Canada: the federal government awarded Irving
Shipbuilding in Halifax a $25-billion contract to build 21 Canadian combat
ships and Seaspan Marine in Vancouver an $8-billion contract for 7 non-combat
vessels; "the contracts will provide 75 million hours of work and 15,000
jobs annually over the next 30 years" |
CBC News |
|
100 |
|
19-Oct-11 |
ELITE |
RPIG |
PRO |
Jeffrey O.G. Ogbar; Ilyana
Kuziemko; Michael I. Norton; Jerrold M. Post; Andrew Kohut |
The Psychology of Occupy
Wall Street [originally posted on 18-Oct-11] |
|
An attempt to develop and
discuss a psychological (psycho-political and psycho-economic) profile of the
"Occupy Wall Street" movement |
NYT-Opinion |
|
101 |
|
19-Oct-11 |
PRO |
JOBS |
ELITE |
|
ILO warns of a generation “scarred” by a worsening
global youth employment crisis |
|
Key findings in the “Global Employment Trends for
Youth: 2011 Update” report: "Between 2008 and 2009, the number of
unemployed youth increased by an unprecedented 4.5 million worldwide"
(up from <100,000 persons/year in the pre-crisis period (1997-2007));
Part-time employment rates for youth increased in all developed economies
except Germany between 2007 and 2010" (17.0% in Ireland and 8.8% in
Spain; "By the end of 2010 every other employed young person was in
part-time employment in Canada, Denmark, the Netherlands and Norway";
the "collective frustration among youth has been a contributing factor
to protest movements around the world" |
International Labour
Organization |
|
102 |
|
22-Oct-11 |
ELITE |
BUS |
FIN |
Bruce Upbin |
The 147 Companies
That Control Everything |
|
Bruce Upbin:
"Three systems theorists at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in
Zurich . . . discovered that global corporate control has a distinct bow-tie
shape, with a dominant core of 147 firms radiating out from the middle. Each
of these 147 own interlocking stakes of one another and together they control
40% of the wealth in the network. A total of 737 control 80% of it all." |
Forbes |
|
103 |
|
24-Oct-11 |
BUS |
JOBS |
|
|
E-Commerce Shipments to Drive Record FedEx Holiday
Volume: FedEx SmartPost holiday volumes to grow more than 30 percent year
over year |
|
FedEx to increase its workforce by ~20,000 with
seasonal positions in anticipation of a surge in holiday shipments |
FedEx |
|
104 |
|
26-Oct-11 |
ELITE |
BUS |
FIN |
Contributor:
Brendan Coffey |
The Four Companies
That Control the 147 Companies That Own Everything |
|
Brendan Coffey:
"There may be 147 companies in the world that own everything, as
colleague Bruce Upbin points out and they are dominated by investment
companies as Eric Savitz rightly points out. . . the real power to control
the world lies with four companies: McGraw-Hill, which owns Standard &
Poor’s, Northwestern Mutual, which owns Russell Investments, the index arm of
which runs the benchmark Russell 1,000 and Russell 3,000, CME Group which
owns 90% of Dow Jones Indexes, and Barclay’s, which took over Lehman Brothers
and its Lehman Aggregate Bond Index, the dominant world bond fund index.
Together, these four firms dominate the world of indexing. And in turn, that
means they hold real sway over the world’s money." |
Forbes |
|
105 |
|
31-Oct-11 |
BUS |
OIL |
ELITE |
Mark Maremont |
A Very Rich Adieu for Nabors CEO |
|
Nabors Industries Ltd. is paying its chairman and
CEO, Eugene M. Isenberg, $100 million in cash for jettisoning his CEO title |
WSJ |
|
106 |
|
1-Nov-11 |
BANK |
FIN |
JOBS |
|
Credit Suisse
Group reports 3Q11 Core Results pre-tax income of CHF 1,036 million, net
income attributable to shareholders of CHF 683 million, net new assets of CHF
7.4 billion in Private Banking, return on equity of 8.7% |
|
Credit Suisse
Group 2011Q3: core net revenues, CHF 6.817 billion (down 8% YOY); net income
attributable to shareholders, CHF 683 milion (up 12% YOY); Credit Suisse to
further reduce total headcount by ~3% (1,500 jobs) |
Credit Suisse |
|
107 |
|
2-Nov-11 |
ECON |
JOBS |
|
|
U.S. Private-Sector Employment Increased By 110,000
Jobs In October, According To Adp National Employment Report |
|
ADP National Employment Report: U.S. private-sector
employment increased by 110,000 jobs in Oct-2011; small and medium
enterprises added 111,000 jobs; large businesses lost 1,000 jobs; the
manufacturing sector lost 8,000 jobs |
ADP |
|
108 |
|
2-Nov-11 |
ELITE |
|
|
Nicole Perlroth
(ed.); Michael Noer (ed.) |
The World's Most
Powerful People |
|
Forbes: The
World's Most Powerful People: 1. Barack Obama; 2. Vladimir Putin; 3. Hu
Jintao; 4. Angela Merkel; 5. Bill Gates; 6. Abdullah bin Abdul Aziz al Saud;
7. Pope Benedict XVI; 8. Ben Bernanke; 9. Mark Zuckerberg; 10. David Cameron |
Forbes |
|
109 |
|
3-Nov-11 |
BUS |
TECH |
JOBS |
|
AMD Optimizes Cost Structure to Enhance
Competitiveness and Accelerate Growth |
|
Advanced Micro Devices Inc. (AMD) to reduce its
global workforce by approximately 10% (~1,107 jobs) |
AMD |
|
110 |
|
5-Nov-11 |
PRO |
RPIG |
BANK |
Mike O'Sullivan |
LA Protesters
Blast Income Gap |
|
Occupy Wall Street
protest spread to Los Angeles |
VOA News |
|
111 |
|
9-Nov-11 |
BANK |
FIN |
JOBS |
|
Interim Management Statement Q3 2011 |
|
HSBC, 2011Q3: total operating income, $21.502 billion
(up 14.8% YOY); profit attributable to shareholders of the parent company,
$5.222 billion (up 65.6% YOY) |
HSBC |
|
112 |
|
9-Nov-11 |
BANK |
JOBS |
|
Julia Werdigier |
HSBC Warns of
Challenges Even as Profit Rises 66% |
|
HSBC to eliminate
30,000 jobs |
NYT-Dealbook |
|
113 |
|
11-Nov-11 |
BUS |
JOBS |
|
Michael J. De La Merced; Ben Protess |
MF Global Lays Off Vast Majority of Broker-Dealer
Employees |
|
The trustee overseeing the liquidation of MF Global’s
broker-dealer unit laid off 1,066 employees; to rehire up to 200 employees |
NYT-DealBook |
|
114 |
|
13-Nov-11 |
SEC |
RPIG |
|
|
Brazilian Police
Take Control of Rio's Largest Slum |
|
Brazil: police
take control of the largest slum in Rio de Janeiro; Rio has 1,000 slums |
VOA News-AP |
|
115 |
|
14-Nov-11 |
MKT |
TECH |
ELITE |
Alex Crippen |
What Has Warren Buffett Been Buying? 'Harold' |
|
Warren Buffett's Berkshire Hathaway bought $10.7
billion worth of IBM common stock (~5.5% of IBM) |
CNBC |
|
116 |
|
19-Nov-11 |
ELITE |
RPIG |
|
Nicholas D.
Kristof |
Occupy the Agenda |
|
Nicholas D.
Kristof: "the richest 20 percent of Americans own more than 80 percent
of the country’s wealth. And the poorest 20 percent own one-tenth of 1
percent [0.1%]" |
NYT-Sunday Review |
|
117 |
|
21-Nov-11 |
PRO |
EDU |
ELITE |
Jennifer Medina |
California’s Campus Movements Dig In Their Heels |
|
The Occupy movement on campuses is focusing protest
on increases in tuition; Lillian Taiz, president of the California Faculty
Association: "we are turning the university into a place where really
only the wealthy can go" |
NYT |
|
118 |
|
22-Nov-11 |
BANK |
MON |
ELITE |
Gonzalo Vina;
James Hertling (ed.) |
Barclays CEO Pay
‘Corrosive’ for U.K. Economy, Study Says |
|
U.K.: High Pay
Commission: Former Barclays CEO John Varley was paid £4.4 million ($7
million) in 2010, 169 times that of the average worker in the U.K. |
Bloomberg |
|
119 |
|
23-Nov-11 |
RPIG |
|
|
|
The Poor, the Near Poor and You |
|
U.S. Census data: 49.1 million Americans are
"poor" (below the poverty line: $24,343 per family of 4); another
51 million are “near poor” (<50% above the poverty line) [Jason DeParle,
Robert Gebeloff and Sabrina Tavernise]; the Editorial argues that poor and
near poor households may have amenities ("refrigerator, air-conditioner,
coffee maker, cellphone . . . "), but the "requisites of modern
life" ("education, health care, child care, housing and
utilities") are increasingly out of their reach |
NYT-Editoial |
|
120 |
|
23-Nov-11 |
BUS |
TEL |
JOBS |
|
Nokia Siemens
Networks puts mobile broadband and services at the heart of its strategy;
initiates restructuring to maintain long-term competitiveness and improve
profitability |
|
Nokia Siemens
Networks plans to reduce its global workforce by ~17,000 by the end of 2013 |
Nokia Siemens
Networks |
|
121 |
|
24-Nov-11 |
ECON |
ELITE |
JOBS |
Paul Krugman |
We Are the 99.9% |
|
Paul Krugman, on the super-elite: " . . .
between 1979 and 2005 the inflation-adjusted, after-tax income of Americans
in the middle of the income distribution rose 21 percent. The equivalent
number for the richest 0.1 percent rose 400 percent" [source of data:
Congressional Budget Office] |
NYT-Op Ed |
|
122 |
|
28-Nov-11 |
PRO |
GOV |
ELITE |
Mattathias
Schwartz |
Pre-Occupied: The
origins and future of Occupy Wall Street |
|
Kall Lasn, founder
of Adbusters, and the mind behind "Occupy Wall Street," on the
decision to evict protesters from Zuccotti Park: “I just can’t believe how
stupid Bloomberg can be! This means escalation. A raising of the stakes. It’s
one step closer to, you know, a revolution.” |
The New Yorker |
|
123 |
|
30-Nov-11 |
GOV |
FIN |
JOBS |
|
City releases details of 2,300 job cuts |
|
Toronto, Canada: the city to eliminate 2,300 jobs,
increase property tax, and increase TTC fares |
CBC News |
|
124 |
|
30-Nov-11 |
BANK |
JOBS |
|
Dan Fitzpatrick;
Rob Barry |
Ax Falls at
Smaller Banks |
|
2,500+ banks cut
their staff by 20,332 jobs (or 2.5%) during 2011Q3 |
WSJ |
|
125 |
|
2-Dec-11 |
GOV |
BANK |
ELITE |
Jean-Pierre Stroobants |
Des dizaines de milliers de Belges manifestent contre
l'austérité |
|
Belgium: tens of thousands of protesters (80,000
according to organizers; 50,000 according to police) demonstrated
"against blind austerity" favoring bankers and the rich and against
"market blackmail" |
Le Monde |
|
126 |
|
2-Dec-11 |
ECON |
JOBS |
|
|
Jobless rate jumps
in November: Unemployment rate rises to 7.4% |
|
Canada lost 18,600
jobs in Nov-2011; Canada's unemployment rate rose from 7.3% to 7.4% in
Nov-2011 [source: Statistics Canada] |
CBC News |
|
127 |
|
4-Dec-11 |
ELITE |
PRO |
|
Michael Lewis; James Greiff (ed.) |
Michael Lewis: Advice From the 1%: Lever Up, Drop Out |
|
Michael Lewis: To: the Upper Ones; From: Strategy
Committee; Re: The Counterrevolution: "The rabble has been driven from
the public parks. Our adversaries, now defined by the freaks and criminals
among them, have demonstrated only that they have no idea what they are
doing. They have failed to identify a single achievable goal. . . We have won
a battle, but this war is far from over. . . We must inculcate, in ourselves
[the Upper Ones] as much as in them [the Lower 99], the understanding that
our relationship to each other is provisional, almost accidental and their
claims on us nonexistent" |
Bloomberg |
|
128 |
|
5-Dec-11 |
ELITE |
MON |
|
Chris Vellacott; Mike Nesbit
(ed.); Mark Potter (ed.) |
Europe's rich move assets
amid euro fears |
|
Europe: concerned about the
fate of the euro and the sovereign debt crisis, rich investors are fleeing
out of the euro into the U.S. dollar and the Japanese yen |
Reuters |
|
129 |
|
5-Dec-11 |
ELITE |
RPIG |
|
Sylvia Allegretto |
The few, the proud, the very rich |
|
Sylvia Allegretto, labor economist and deputy chair
of the Center on Wage and Employment Dynamics, at UC Berkeley's Institute for
Research on Labor and Employment: "The share of wealth held by the top
fifth is about 87.2 percent while the bottom four-fifths share the remaining
12.8 percent of wealth . . . And, the riches of those in the top 1 percent
are about 225 times greater than that held by the typical family—it was 125
times in 1962. . . The combined worth of the Walton six was $69.7 billion in
2007—which equated to the total wealth of the entire bottom thirty
percent!" |
The Berkley Blog |
|
130 |
|
6-Dec-11 |
ELITE |
POL |
|
Paul B. Farrell |
Super Rich vs. 99%: Class
war will explode; Commentary: But these 10 tricks will backfire with
occupiers |
|
Paul B. Farrell:
"Folks, the real problem from the occupiers’ perspective is the
inequality gap between the Super Rich and the 99%. It’s economics. It’s
behavior. It’s the unfairness of our democracy when the incomes of the 1%
increased 265% in the past generation while the incomes of the 99%
stagnated"; Farrell warns Republicans manipulative buzz words, such as
those suggested by Frank Luntz, a conservatice pollster, will not sway the
Occupiers |
MarketWatch |
|
131 |
|
6-Dec-11 |
BANK |
ELITE |
FRAUD |
Jennifer Ablan; Joe Giannone; Svea Herbst-Bayliss; Sam Forgione;
Leslie Adler (ed.) |
Highlights Day 2: Chanos bemoans failure to prosecute
bankers |
|
James Chanos, founder of Kynikos Associates LP, at
the Reuters 2012 Investment Outlook Summit, said some Wall Street bankers
"looted" their companies -- they collected big bonuses for peddling
worthless securities |
Reuters |
|
132 |
|
6-Dec-11 |
BANK |
JOBS |
|
Eric Dash |
Citigroup to Lay Off 4,500
Workers |
|
Citigroup to lay off 4,500
workers (1.7% of its workforce); Citi's workforce decreased by ~100,000 since
yearend 2007 |
NYT-DealBook |
|
133 |
|
6-Dec-11 |
BANK |
JOBS |
|
Sonia Sirletti; Frank Connelly (ed.) |
UniCredit to Reduce European Offices by Half as
Italian Bank Slashes Costs |
|
Italy: UniCredit to cut European offices by half and
its workforce by 6,150 employees through 2015 |
Bloomberg |
|
134 |
|
7-Dec-11 |
BUS |
ELITE |
|
|
Christopher Stone
Selected to Lead Open Society Foundations |
|
Billionaire
investor George Soros appointed Christopher Stone as the next president of
The Open Society Foundations; Stone currently is the Guggenheim Professor of
the Practice of Criminal Justice at Harvard University and director of the
Hauser Center for Nonprofit Organizations. "The Open Society Foundations
have been committed to promoting justice, human rights, health, and education
around the world. Stone will oversee more than $850 million in annual
expenditures." |
Open Society
Foundations |
|
135 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|