| A |
B |
C |
D |
E |
F |
G |
H |
I |
J |
K |
L |
| |
RELIGION NEWS: 1-JAN-11 - 31-DEC-11 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
From |
01-Jan-11 |
|
|
|
|
Copyright © 2011 by Macroknow inc. All Rights
Reserved. |
|
To |
31-Dec-11 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Days |
365 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
News Items |
2076 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Date |
Event Category |
Authors |
Title |
X |
Event |
Source |
URL |
Item |
|
01-Jan-11 |
VIO |
REL |
|
Edward Yeranian |
Blast at Egyptian
Christian Church Kills 21 |
|
Egypt: Coptic
Christian church bombing killed ≥21 people |
VOA News |
|
1 |
|
6-Jan-11 |
REL |
|
|
|
|
|
Christian-Muslim tension reported in India, Iran,
Egypt |
CatholicCulture.org |
|
2 |
|
7-Jan-11 |
POL |
REL |
|
|
Cleric Urges
Iraqis to Resist U.S. |
|
Iraq: thousands
cheer Muqtada al-Sadr; al-Sadr: "Let the whole world hear that we reject
America. . . We target only the occupier with all the means of
resistance." |
NYT: AP |
|
3 |
|
8-Jan-11 |
REL |
|
|
Verlyn Klinkenborg |
The King James Bible at 400 |
|
Verlyn Klinkenborg: The King James Bible at 403 |
NYT-Opinion |
|
4 |
|
20-Jan-11 |
REL |
|
|
Rick Westhead |
Some Christians in
Pakistan convert fear into safety |
|
Pakistan:
≥20 to 25 former Christians are converting to Islam each week |
Toronto Star |
|
5 |
|
8-Feb-11 |
REL |
LAW |
VIO |
|
Muslim Mob Burns Churches in Indonesia |
|
Indonesia: A Christian is sentenced for blaspheming
Islam; unhappy with the sentence, a Muslim mob burned 2 churches |
VOA News-AFP-AP |
|
6 |
|
4-Mar-11 |
HEAL |
REL |
|
|
Jewish groups
oppose circumcision ban in US city |
|
Activist Lloyd
Schofield wants to criminalize infant circumcision in San Francisco.
Schofield : "This is a human rights issue. . . This is a painful and
irreversible surgery. . . It's a man's body. It's his right to choose and
we're trying to preserve that choice." Abby Porth of the Jewish
Community Relations Council: "This is one of the most fundamental
practices to our tradition of over 3,000 years. . . It's symbolic of our
covenant with God." |
AFP |
|
7 |
|
10-Mar-11 |
VIO |
REL |
|
Richard Leiby; Contributors: Muhammad Mansour,
Sherine Bayoumi |
Sectarian clashes in Egypt challenge revolutionary
idealism |
|
8-Mar-11: Egypt: Christian-Muslim violence killed 13
people |
Washington Post |
|
8 |
|
13-Mar-11 |
VIO |
REL |
|
Aaron Maasho |
Ethiopia PM blames
Muslim sect over church attacks |
|
Ethiopia: up to 50
churches have been burnt since 2-Mar-11 |
Reuters Africa |
|
9 |
|
16-Mar-11 |
REL |
|
|
Archbishop Bashar Warda |
The Christians of Iraq – Address by Archbishop Bashar
Warda of Erbil from Northern Iraq |
|
Archbishop Bashar Warda of Erbil from Northern Iraq,
on "Christians oppressed for their faith": "Islamists are not
the only ones at fault. Secularists with an eye for profit are also
responsible. Neighboring governments in the region feeding the insurgents
with money and weapons to destabilize the government are also responsible.
The rest of world’s governments have turned their backs on us, as if the
human rights abuses and near genocide conditions Iraqi Christians experience,
are temporary." |
Irish Catholic
Bishop's Conference |
|
10 |
|
20-Mar-11 |
VIO |
REL |
|
Luc van Kemenade |
Ethiopian
Christians flee after church burnings |
|
Ethiopia: Muslim
extremist torched 69 churches |
Radio Netherlands
Worldwide |
|
11 |
|
24-Mar-11 |
REL |
POL |
|
Michael Slackman; Contributor: Nadim Audi |
Islamist Group Is Rising Force in a New Egypt |
|
Egypt: the Muslim Brotherhood: a new political force
in Egypt |
NYT |
|
12 |
|
30-Mar-11 |
REL |
|
|
Nick Squires |
Surge in Satanism
sparks rise in demand for exorcists, says Catholic Church |
|
Rome: surge in
Satanism propelled by the Internet reported at a conference held at the
Regina Apostolorum Pontifical University in Rome |
Telegraph |
|
13 |
|
1-Apr-11 |
PRO |
VIO |
REL |
Kevin Gray; Pascal Fletcher (ed.). Additional
reporting: Jane Sutton |
Florida pastor is focus of Muslim outrage - again |
|
Afghanistan: thousands protest against Florida pastor
Terry Jones for overseeing the burning of a Koran; ≥7 U.N. staff were
killed |
Reuters Canada |
|
14 |
|
7-Apr-11 |
PRO |
REL |
|
|
German Catholics
leave in droves: report |
|
Die Zeit: 180,000
Catholics dropped out of the Church (up from 130,000 in 2009) |
AFP |
|
15 |
|
8-Apr-11 |
REL |
PRO |
MON |
Joshua Lapide |
Christian leaders against Israel: ban on Anglican
bishop and new taxes are unjust |
|
Jerusalem: Christian churches protest against:
Israel’s denial of a residency permit to Suheil Dawani, an Anglican bishop;
and Israel's attempts to impose new taxes on churches. "The new taxes
are an outrage against the tradition of the Ottoman Empire, British rule,
that of Jordan and the UN Resolution of '47 that founded the State of
Israel." |
AsiaNews |
|
16 |
|
12-Apr-11 |
REL |
JUST |
|
Cardinal Francis
George (USCCB President), et al. |
2010 Annual Report
on the Implementation of the “Charter for the Protection of Children and
Young People” [report prepared by the Secretariat of Child and Youth
Protection for the National Review Board and the United States Conference of
Catholic Bishops (USCCB); and reviewed by the USCCB President, Cardinal
Francis George; Mar-2011] |
|
Total cost of the
clerical abuse scandal to American dioceses, from 2004 through 2010: $2.344
billion; the cost was distributed as follows:settlements, 78.29%; therapy for
victims, 2.41%; support of offenders, 4.34%; attorneys' fees, 13.66%; other
costs, 1.29% [Table 6: Cost Related to Allegations: Combined Totals] |
United States
Conference of Catholic Bishops |
|
17 |
|
29-Apr-11 |
REL |
|
|
Selah Hennessy |
Britain's Prince William Marries Catherine Middleton |
|
U.K. Royal Wedding; Prince William marries Catherine
Middleton |
VOA News |
|
18 |
|
1-May-11 |
REL |
|
|
|
Benedict Proclaims
John Paul Ii A Blessed |
|
Vatican City, The
Holy See: beatification of Pope John Paul II; hundreds of thousands of people
joined the ceremony |
Vatican Information
Service |
|
19 |
|
2-May-11 |
VIO |
REL |
|
L.M. |
Africa/Nigeria-Clashes in northern Nigeria: a report
of “Justice and Peace” complains that "someone has armed
extremists" |
|
Commission for “Justice and Peace” report, published
by Catholic News Service of Nigeria: toll of the Kafanchan clashes: ~300-500
deaths; 300 houses destroyed: >14
thousand internally displaced persons |
Agenzia Fides |
|
20 |
|
7-May-11 |
VIO |
REL |
|
Amy Fallon |
Nigerian 'revenge
killings' leave 16 dead |
|
Nigeria: ≥16
killed in sectarian violence; ≥500 people were killed in Apr-2011 in
election-related protests |
Guardian-Agencies |
|
21 |
|
8-May-11 |
VIO |
REL |
|
Edward Yeranian |
Egypt to Use 'Iron Hand' for Security After Deadly
Sectarian Violence |
|
Egypt: sectarian clashes killed 12 people; 2 churches
were torched |
VOA News |
|
22 |
|
12-May-11 |
VIO |
SEC |
REL |
David D.
Kirkpatrick. Contributor: Mona El-Naggar |
Crime Wave in
Egypt Has People Afraid, Even the Police |
|
Egypt is beset
with a crime wave: Muslim-Christian PRO, soccer PRO, jailbreaks, a mob attack |
NYT |
|
23 |
|
3-Jun-11 |
VIO |
REL |
|
|
Sociologist: Every 5 Minutes a Christian Is Martyred |
|
Massimo Introvigne of the Organization for Security
and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), at a conference on Christian-Jewish-Muslim
interfaith dialogue: 105,000 Christians are killed every year just for being
Christian |
Zenit |
|
24 |
|
24-Jun-11 |
LAW |
REL |
|
Nicholas
Confessore; Michael Barbaro. Contributors: Danny Hakim; Thomas Kaplan |
Gay Marriage
Approved by N.Y. Senate |
|
New York Senate
approved same-sex marriage bill |
NYT |
|
25 |
|
25-Jun-11 |
REL |
|
|
Jonathan Wynne-Jones |
Trevor Phillips wades into debate on religion in
modern society |
|
Trevor Phillips, chairman of the Equality and Human
Rights Commission in the UK: "I think the most likely victim of actual
religious discrimination in British society is a Muslim but the person who is
most likely to feel slighted because of their religion is an evangelical
Christian" |
Telegraph |
|
26 |
|
26-Jun-11 |
GOV |
DEBT |
REL |
Kevin Flower. Contributor:
Guy Azriel |
Israel denies fiscal
pressure on Greece to block flotilla boats |
|
Israel: Israeli foreign
ministry denied Israel and the U.S. were using economic pressure to coerce
Greece into preventing boats from joining an international flotilla to the
Gaza Strip; Yigal Palmor. "Do these people have any proof whatsoever to
such claims? Their entire activity is aimed at demonizing the state of
Israel. What are they saying, that we have used all the Jewish bankers in the
world to cancel Greece's bonds? What kind of fantasy world are they living
in?" [Edward Ayoub, Much Mind Editor: this appears to be connected to
the "malicious slander" accusing Jews of a [here financial]
"cannibalistic conspiracy" which allegedly had Jews swearing an
"oath of hostility to the Greeks"; for more information, see Peter
Schȁfer, Judeophobia, Harvard University Press, 1997, at 62-63] |
CNN World |
|
27 |
|
26-Jun-11 |
REL |
|
|
Mark M. Gray |
Exclusive analysis: National Catholic marriage rate
plummets |
|
OSV Newsweekly: U.S. Catholic marriage rate plummeted
by ~60%; the percentages of U.S. adult Catholics who are married fell from
79% in 1972 to 53% in 2010; the percentages of U.S. adult Catholics, ages
18-40, who are married fell from 69% in 1972 to 38% in 2010 |
Our Sunday Visitor |
|
28 |
|
26-Jun-11 |
VIO |
REL |
|
Mary Abdelmassih |
Egyptian Muslims
Torch 8 Christian Homes on Rumor of Church Construction |
|
Egypt: a mob of
~200 Muslims torched 8 Christian homes in Awlad Khalaf |
AINA |
|
29 |
|
28-Jun-11 |
REL |
VIO |
PRO |
|
Tensions in Jerusalem as arrest of rabbi who
justifies killing Gentiles leads to protests |
|
Israel: ~200 activists protested the arrest of Rabbi
Dov Lior; the rabbi had endorsed “Torat Hamelech,” a book by Rabbi Yitzhak
Shapira that justifies killing Gentiles (non-Jews) |
AsiaNews-Agencies |
|
30 |
|
3-Jul-11 |
REL |
MON |
|
Ananthakrishnan G,
TNN |
Rs 75,000 cr and
counting: More treasure tumbles out of shrine |
|
India: treasure
(including gold idols, figurines, coins, diamonds, and emeralds) valued at
>Rs 75,000 crore was discovered at the Sree Padmanabha Swamy temple |
Times of India |
|
31 |
|
17-Jul-11 |
GOV |
REL |
|
Jonathan Watts |
Vatican excommunicates bishop ordained by Chinese
state |
|
Vatican: Joseph Huang Bingzhang, ordained bishop in
China without papal approval, was excommunicated |
Guardian: The
Observer |
|
32 |
|
20-Jul-11 |
REL |
|
|
|
Jordan names
mosque after Jesus Christ |
|
Jordan: first
mosque to be dedicated to Jesus Christ in the Arab world [source: Al Quds Al
Arabě] |
Vatican Insider |
|
33 |
|
28-Jul-11 |
PRO |
REL |
LAW |
|
Indian Christians march on parliament, demand end to
discrimination |
|
India: ~10,000 Christians protest against legal
discrimination against Christian dalits (untouchables) |
CatholicCulture.org |
|
34 |
|
28-Jul-11 |
REL |
POL |
VIO |
Paul Rosenberg |
America's own
Taliban : A fast growing right-wing politico-religious presence plans to
implement an end-times, Christian theocracy in the US |
|
Paul Rosenberg, in
"America's own Taliban": "There's a right-wing
politico-religious presence centred in the US, but with a global reach,
engaging in similar [to Taliban] practises, destroying religious and cultural
artifacts as a key aspect of its ideology of "strategic level spiritual
warfare" (SLSW). . . the NAR [New Apostolic Reformation] is committed to
replacing democracy with a religious dictatorship, which it sees as a
necessary prelude for Christ's return to earth" |
Al Jazeera-Opinion |
|
35 |
|
29-Jul-11 |
PRO |
FREE |
REL |
Al Pessin |
Islamists Show Solidarity in Massive Egypt Rally |
|
Cairo, Egypt: tens of thousands of Egyptians,
including Islamists who support the establishment of Islamic Sharia law in
Egypt, rallied on Tahrir Square |
VOA News |
|
36 |
|
29-Jul-11 |
GOV |
REL |
|
Juergen Baetz.
Contributor: Melissa Eddy |
Germans quit
church during 2010 sex scandal |
|
Germany: ~181,000
people quit the Roman Catholic Church in 2010, up from 124,000 in 2009 (up
~46% YOY); many blamed reports of sexual/physical abuse of children by
clergy |
AP |
|
37 |
|
31-Jul-11 |
REL |
|
|
Michelle Boorstein |
To lead Ramadan prayers, mosques seek special voices |
|
Ramadan begins at sunset Sunday 31-Jul-2011 |
Washington Post |
|
38 |
|
1-Aug-11 |
VIO |
REL |
|
|
Killings surge in
Karachi's turf war |
|
31-Jul-11:
Karachi, Pakistan: 17 people were killed in ethnic violence; ~200 were killed
in Jul-11 |
Al Jazeera: Reuters |
|
39 |
|
5-Aug-11 |
REL |
SEC |
|
|
Israeli Police Restrict Access to Jerusalem for
Ramadan |
|
Israel denied access to Jerusalem "for men and
women under certain ages" on the first day of Ramadan |
VOA News-AFP-Reuters |
|
40 |
|
15-Aug-11 |
VIO |
REL |
|
|
Attack against
Kirkuk’s St Ephraim Syrian Orthodox Church |
|
Iraq: a bomb
exploded near the St Ephraim Syrian Orthodox Church in Kirkuk; damage is
extensive |
AsiaNews.it |
|
41 |
|
18-Aug-11 |
REL |
|
|
|
Pope at WYD: do not be ashamed of the Lord |
|
18-21-Aug-2011: Spain: Pope Benedict XVI joins in the
World Youth Day (WYD) observances; Benedict XVI: “With all my heart, I say
again to you young people: let nothing and no one take away your peace; do
not be ashamed of the Lord” |
Vatican Radio |
|
42 |
|
19-Aug-11 |
VIO |
REL |
|
|
Suicide Bombing at
Pakistan Mosque Kills at Least 48 |
|
Pakistan: a
suicide bomber targeted a mosque and killed ≥48 people |
VOA News-AP-AFP |
|
43 |
|
28-Aug-11 |
VIO |
REL |
|
|
Suicide Bomber Kills 28 in Baghdad Mosque |
|
Iraq: suicide bomber targeted the largest Sunni
mosque in Baghdad; ≥28 people were killed |
VOA News |
|
44 |
|
13-Sep-11 |
REL |
JUST |
|
|
Child abuse victims accuse
pope of crimes against humanity |
|
The Survivors Network of
those Abused by Priests (SNAP) is calling on the International Criminal Court
(ICC) to "take action and prosecute the Pope" for "direct and
superior responsibility for the crimes against humanity of rape and other sexual
violence committed around the world" |
AFP |
|
45 |
|
13-Sep-11 |
REL |
JUST |
|
|
Statements from SNAP Leaders on ICC filing |
|
Statement from the leaders of the Survivors Network
of those Abused by Priests (SNAP) on the International Criminal Court (ICC)
filing |
Survivors Network of
those Abused by Priests |
|
46 |
|
13-Sep-11 |
REL |
VIO |
|
|
Vatican official
warns for rising violence against Christians in Europe |
|
Organization for
Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE): conference on anti-Christian
discrimination: Archbishop Dominique Mamberti, the Secretary for Relations
with States, warned against anti-Christian violence in Europe |
CatholicCulture.org |
|
47 |
|
22-Sep-11 |
REL |
|
|
|
Viaggio Apostolico Del Santo Padre Benedetto Xvi In
Germania (22-25 Settembre 2011) (Ii) , 22.09.2011 |
|
22-25-Sep-11: Berlin, Germany: Pope Benedict XVI,
21st international apostolic trip: " . . . I have not come here
primarily to pursue particular political or economic goals, as other
statesmen do, but rather to meet people and to speak to them about God. . .
we are witnessing a growing indifference to religion in society, which
considers the issue of truth as something of an obstacle in its
decision-making, and instead gives priority to utilitarian considerations.
All the same, a binding basis for our coexistence is needed; otherwise people
live in a purely individualistic way. Religion is one of these foundations
for a successful social life. "Just as religion has need of freedom, so
also freedom has need of religion." These words of the great bishop and
social reformer Wilhelm von Ketteler, the second centenary of whose birth is
being celebrated this year, remain timely. . . I can truly develop as a free
person only by using my powers also for the welfare of others. And this holds
true not only in private matters but also for society as a whole."
|
The Holy See |
|
48 |
|
26-Sep-11 |
VIO |
REL |
|
Konradus Epa |
Religious leaders
condemn attack |
|
25-Sep-11:
Indonesia: suicide bombing at a Protestant church killed the bomber and
injured ≥20 worshipers; Islamic and Christian leaders condemned the
attack |
UCAnews.com |
|
49 |
|
28-Sep-11 |
GOV |
REL |
|
Robert Berger |
Israel Observes Rosh Hashanah in Uncertain Times |
|
Jewish New Year: Rosh Hashanah in "a turbulent
time for Israel" |
NYT |
|
50 |
|
29-Sep-11 |
POL |
REL |
|
Dana Goldstein |
Why Fewer Young
American Jews Share Their Parents' View of Israel |
|
U.S.: fewer young
American Jews are likely to identify as "Zionist" |
Time-Viewpoint |
|
51 |
|
30-Sep-11 |
REL |
UN |
ECON |
Mgr. Dominique Mamberti |
Lack Of Ethics In Economic Structures Worsens The
Crisis |
|
27-Sep-11: New York: Archbishop Dominique Mamberti,
secretary for Relations with States, address to the 66th General Assembly of
the United Nations: "We know that a fundamental part of the current
plight is a lack of ethics in economic structures. . . The economy cannot
function only through market self-regulation, and even less so through
agreements limited to balancing the interests of the most powerful groups. It
needs an ethical raison d'etre to ensure that it works for mankind. The idea
of producing goods and services . . . without seeking to do good – in other
words, without ethics – has shown itself to be an illusion, either ingenuous
or cynical, but always with fatal results. All economic decisions have moral
consequences. The economy needs ethics . . . focused on the person and
capable of offering prospects to the new generations." [Holy See:
DELSS/VIS 20110930 (610)] |
VIS |
|
52 |
|
2-Oct-11 |
REL |
MEDIA |
|
Father John Flynn,
LC |
Anti-Christian
Censorship and New Media |
|
National Religious
Broadcasters report: "True Liberty in a New Media Age: An Examination of
the Threat of Anti-Christian Censorship and Other Viewpoint Discrimination on
New Media Platforms": "Our conclusion is that Christian ideas and
other religious content face a clear and present danger of censorship on
Web-based communication platforms"; platforms investigated include:
Google, Apple, Facebook, and Twitter |
Zenit |
|
53 |
|
9-Oct-11 |
REL |
VIO |
|
Robert Berger |
Anti-Arab Vandalism Mars Jewish High Holy Day |
|
Israel: Jewish anti-Arab vandalism on Yom Kippur --
both Christian and Muslim cemeteries desecrated; Orthodox Jewish militants
were blamed |
VOA News |
|
54 |
|
24-Oct-11 |
REL |
FIN |
MON |
|
Holy See Calls For Reform
Of Global Finance |
|
The Pontifical Council for
Justice and Peace issued a note titled: "Towards reforming the
international financial and monetary systems in the context of a global
public authority"; the note proposes "that globalisation be
regulated by a global public authority" |
Vatican Information
Service |
|
55 |
|
24-Oct-11 |
REL |
FIN |
MON |
|
Full Text: Note on financial reform from the
Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace |
|
Note on financial reform from the Pontifical Council
for Justice and Peace |
Vatican Radio |
|
56 |
|
27-Oct-11 |
REL |
PRO |
MON |
Victoria Ward |
George Carey: St
Paul’s Cathedral protest damaging Christianity |
|
Lord Carey, on St.
Paul's Cathedral's hosting of the Occupy London Stock Exchange protest:
"One moment the Church was reclaiming a valuable role in hosting public
protest and scrutiny, the next it was looking in turns like the temple which
Jesus cleansed, or the officious risk-averse ’elf ’n’ safety bureaucracy of
urban legend"; the Cathedral, which closed its doors for 6 days, lost
Ł120,000 in revenue |
The Telegraph |
|
57 |
|
30-Oct-11 |
REL |
VIO |
|
Mary Abdelmassih |
Coptic Christian Student Murdered By Classmates for
Wearing a Cross |
|
16-Oct-11: Egypt: a Christian student was murdered by
his classmates "because he refused to take off his crucifix as ordered
by his Muslim teacher" |
Assyrian International News Agency |
|
58 |
|
4-Nov-11 |
REL |
|
|
Abdel Hadi
al-Habtoor |
Massive throng of
Muslims begins hajj rites |
|
Saudi Arabia:
>2.5 million Muslim pilgrims begin hajj rites |
AFP |
|
59 |
|
5-Nov-11 |
REL |
|
|
|
Over 2.5 Million in Saudi Arabia for Hajj |
|
Saudi Arabia: >2.5 million Muslim pilgrims are
taking part in Hajj rites |
VOA News-AP-AFP |
|
60 |
|
5-Nov-11 |
VIO |
REL |
BANK |
|
Attacks in Nigeria
Leave at Least 65 Dead |
|
4-Nov-11: Nigeria:
islamic radicals attacked police stations, churches, and a bank; ≥65
people were killed |
VOA News-AP-AFP |
|
61 |
|
12-Nov-11 |
REL |
FIN |
JUST |
Kevin Roose |
Nuns Who Won’t Stop Nudging |
|
Activist nuns want "to improve their
[corporations'] sense of responsibility" |
NYT |
|
62 |
|
19-Nov-11 |
REL |
|
|
|
Do Not Deprive
Your Peoples Of Hope! |
|
Benin: Pope
Benedict XVI: "From this place, I launch an appeal to all political and
economic leaders of African countries and the rest of the world. Do not
deprive your peoples of hope! Do not cut them off from their future by
mutilating their present! Adopt a courageous ethical approach to your
responsibilities and, if you are believers, ask God to grant you
wisdom!" |
Vatican Information
Service |
|
63 |
|
6-Dec-11 |
REL |
VIO |
|
|
Afghan suicide bombs kills at least 60 Shias |
|
Afghanistan: suicide bomb attacks targeting Shias
killed ≥60 people |
CBC News-AP |
|
64 |
|
11-Dec-11 |
VIO |
REL |
|
|
Karzai: Death Toll
in Attacks on Afghan Shi'ites Rises to 80 |
|
6-Dec-11:
Afghanistan: sectarian suicide attack on Shi'ites killed ≥80 people |
VOA
News-AP-AFP-Reuters |
|
65 |
|
22-Dec-11 |
REL |
VIO |
|
Scott Bobb |
Israel Tries Tougher Stance Against Right-Wing Jewish
Violence |
|
Israel: violence by right-wing Jews targeting mosques
and Christian holy places have increased |
VOA News |
|
66 |
|
26-Dec-11 |
VIO |
REL |
|
|
Nigeria: 3
churches are targets of bomb attacks; Vatican condemns ‘absurd hatred’ |
|
Nigeria: Christmas
bomb attacks targeting churches killed ≥35 people; Boko Haram, an
Islamist group, is suspected |
CatholicCulture.org |
|
67 |
|
30-Dec-11 |
REL |
VIO |
|
S.L. |
Fides Special Feature: The Names Of Pastoral Workers,
Bishops, Priests, Men And Women Religious And Lay Catholics, Killed In The
Year 2011 |
|
Agenzia Fides: during 2011, 26 Catholic pastoral care
workers were killed: 18 priests, 4 religious sisters, 4 lay people; 15 were
killed in America, 6 in Africa, 4 in Asia, and one in Europe |
Agenzia Fides |
|
68 |
|
31-Dec-11 |
GOV |
POL |
REL |
Vania Andre |
Muslim Leaders
Boycott Bloomberg's Annual Interfaith Breakfast |
|
Muslim leaders
boycott Mayor Bloomberg's annual interfaith breakfast because, according to
the leaders, he supports police surveillance of Muslims at ~250 mosques,
schools, and businesses in NYC |
AllMediaNY.com |
|
69 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|